Journal of the Physical Society of Indonesia
Welcome to the Journal of the Physical Society of Indonesia (JPSI) Dive into a world of groundbreaking discoveries and innovative research with JPSI, the premier international journal of the Physical Society of Indonesia (PSI). As a trusted platform for physicists worldwide, we showcase cutting-edge studies across diverse fields—from quantum mechanics to astrophysics, biophysics to geophysics, and beyond. With a rigorous double-blind review process, open-access publishing, and a commitment to academic excellence, JPSI bridges the gap between theory and application, fostering collaboration and inspiring the next generation of scientific advancements. Join us in exploring the limitless possibilities of physics! Read more... ISSN: 2685-3841 (Online)
Co-Seismic Surface Deformation Associated with the 2 May 2025 Padang Panjang Earthquake Derived from Sentinel-1 DInSAR
This study analyzed surface deformation associated with the Mw 4.8 earthquake that occurred in Padang Panjang, West Sumatra, on May 2, 2025. The purpose of this research was to identify surface changes using Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) with Sentinel-1A imagery from the European Space Agency. The analysis covered the pre-earthquake period (April 8–May 2, 2025) and the post-earthquake period (May 2–June 7, 2025). The deformation values represented displacement along the satellite Line of Sight (LOS). The results showed a clear spatial change between the two periods. Before the earthquake, the area near the epicenter exhibited LOS displacement values of approximately +0.45 mm, while after the earthquake, the values decreased to around −0.045 mm, indicating relative subsidence along the LOS direction. The observed LOS displacement difference of about −0.495 mm suggested a surface response to seismic activity. However, the deformation magnitude was relatively small and may have been influenced by atmospheric effects, decorrelation, and interferometric noise. Therefore, the results were interpreted cautiously without strong tectonic attribution. This study demonstrated the capability of DInSAR to detect subtle surface deformation in seismic regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khairunnisa Khairunnisa, Suaidi Ahadi, Lori Agung Satria (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prediction of Rainfall Using a Backpropagation Artificial Neural Network Model over Muaro Jambi Regency
This study aims to predict rainfall in Muaro Jambi Regency using the Backpropagation Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method. The input variables include air humidity, air temperature, air pressure, and wind speed, with data obtained from the BMKG Muaro Jambi Climatology Station. The method is quantitative with a time series approach, involving data collection, normalization, and division into training, validation, and testing, along with the application of Trainlm, Trainrp, and Traindx. The results show that air humidity has the greatest influence on rainfall, while temperature, air pressure, and wind speed show weak negative correlations. Testing variations in the number of neurons in the hidden layer shows that 100 neurons with the Traindx algorithm produce the best performance, with a Mean Square Error (MSE) of 4.95%, categorized as very accurate. The Backpropagation ANN model follows the actual rainfall pattern from BMKG with a conformity level of more than 95% and recognizes seasonal patterns such as peak rainfall in March and a decrease in the middle of the year. Thus, this model is effective for predicting rainfall and supports disaster mitigation planning and water resource management in Muaro Jambi Regency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irawati Damanik, Tugiyo Aminoto, Husnul Hamdi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mapping of Potential Flood Prone Areas Using the Scoring Method and Overlay in Batanghari Regency
Mapping of potential flood-prone areas using scoring and overlay methods in Batanghari Regency has been carried out. This study aims to determine the level of flood vulnerability and the distribution of flood-prone areas. The parameters used are rainfall parameters, soil type parameters, river distance parameters, slope parameters, land cover parameters, and elevation parameters. The methods used are scoring and overlay methods with the assistance of ArcGIS 10.8 software. The level of flood vulnerability is classified into three categories: not vulnerable, vulnerable, and highly vulnerable. The results obtained in this study show that the majority of Batanghari Regency has a flood vulnerability level in the not vulnerable class, covering an area of 397,158.03 Ha (72%), with areas in the vulnerable category covering 132,119.089 Ha (24.22%), and highly vulnerable areas covering 15,380.96 Ha (2.82%). In contrast, the area that is relatively safe from flooding is the Bajubang District, which covers an area of 102,592.1 hectares (90.17%). This indicates that some areas of Batanghari Regency are prone to flooding, making it very important to take disaster mitigation actions in the Batanghari Regency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Melka Sintia Siburian, Tugiyo Aminoto, Husnul Hamdi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Seismic Microzonation of Toba Lake Region Using Microtremor Analysis
The Toba Lake region, characterized by complex volcanic and tectonic history, represents a significant seismic hazard zone due to its proximity to the active Sumatra Fault System and heterogeneous geological conditions. This study applies the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method using microtremor data to assess seismic vulnerability across the region. Three-component microtremor recordings from 29 stations were analyzed to derive key seismic parameters including predominant frequency (), amplification factor (), dominant period (), and seismic vulnerability index (). The results reveal significant spatial variations in seismic hazard parameters, with high vulnerability zones concentrated in the central and southern areas, characterized by low predominant frequencies (0.6-1.2 Hz), high amplification factors (up to 12.0), long dominant periods (1.2-2.1 seconds), and elevated vulnerability indices (Kg > 8.0). These zones correspond to Quaternary alluvial deposits with soft, unconsolidated sediments. Conversely, northern and northwestern regions exhibit lower vulnerability with high predominant frequencies (>2.0 Hz), low amplification factors (<4.0), short dominant periods (<0.6 seconds), and reduced vulnerability indices (Kg < 3.0), correlating with consolidated Miocene volcanic rocks. Critical high-risk areas include measurement points LT34, LT14, LT17, LT21, and LT49, while point LT20 in Tarutung, located along the Sumatra Fault Zone, demonstrates the compound effect of active tectonics and soft geological conditions. The resulting microzonation maps provide a regional-scale framework for seismic hazard identification and disaster risk mitigation planning, and can serve as a reference for prioritizing areas requiring more detailed, site-specific investigations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fauzan Surya Nanda, Furqon Raharjo, Suaidi Ahadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Quartz Sand on Structural and Optical Properties of Dy3+ Doped P2O5-CaO-BaO-Gd2O3 Glasses
This study investigates the influence of quartz sand incorporation on the structural and optical properties of Dy³⁺ doped P₂O₅–CaO–BaO–Gd₂O₃ phosphate glasses. The glass samples were synthesized using the conventional melt-quenching technique, with varying concentrations of quartz sand as a partial substitution of P₂O₅. Structural characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which confirmed the formation of an amorphous glass network and the presence of phosphate, silicate, and modifier-related vibrational bands. The optical absorption spectra, recorded via UV–Vis spectroscopy, revealed characteristic f–f transitions of Dy³⁺ ions, indicating their successful incorporation into the glass matrix. The intensity ratio of yellow to blue emission was found to be influenced by the quartz sand content, suggesting a significant role of SiO₂ in modifying the local environment around Dy³⁺ ions. These results highlight the potential of quartz-sand-modified phosphate glasses as promising candidates for photonic and luminescent device applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jonny H. Panggabean, Novita Madalena Br Sembiring, Elyzabeth Simanullang, Juniastel Rajagukguk, C.S. Sarumaha, J. Kaewkhao (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Multiscale Atmospheric Drivers of the April 2023 Cilacap Flood: Insights from Himawari-9 RGB Imagery and Radiosonde Data
This study analyzes the atmospheric drivers of extreme rainfall during the 27 April 2023 flood event in Cilacap, Indonesia, using satellite, reanalysis, and in situ data. Convective evolution was examined using rainfall records, Himawari-9 cloud-top temperatures, instability indices (CAPE, CIN, KI, TTI), and surface wind fields. Rainfall exceeded 135 mm from the afternoon to nighttime. Satellite observations showed rapid convective growth, with cloud-top temperatures dropping below −75 °C, indicating mature Cumulonimbus clouds. The 24-Hour Night Microphysics RGB imagery revealed convective initiation around 08:00 UTC and intensification during the evening. Atmospheric instability increased prior to the event, with CAPE exceeding 1600 J kg⁻¹ between 09:00 and 12:00 UTC, while CIN decreased below 80 J kg⁻¹. Surface wind analysis identified a strong low-level convergence zone formed by moist onshore flow from the Indian Ocean interacting with inland winds. This convergence provided dynamical lifting that released the stored instability, triggering deep convection that peaked around 15:00 UTC. The results show that the extreme rainfall was driven by the coupling of high thermodynamic instability and local moisture convergence, demonstrating the value of combining NWP products and satellite RGB imagery for diagnosing coastal extreme rainfall.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jamrud Aminuddin, Sri Susanti, Adnan Dendy Mardika, Arief Darmawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Design and Implementation of an IoT-Based Automatic Irrigation and Environmental Monitoring System for Amorphophallus muelleri (Porang) Cultivation
The cultivation of Amorphophallus muelleri (porang) in Indonesia is highly dependent on rainfall patterns and is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, soil moisture, light intensity, and precipitation. This dependency often results in inefficient irrigation management and suboptimal plant growth. This study aims to develop an Internet of Things (IoT)-based automatic irrigation and environmental monitoring system specifically designed to support porang cultivation and improve water management efficiency. The system was implemented using an Arduino Uno microcontroller and a NodeMCU ESP8266, integrated with DHT22 (temperature and humidity), YL-69 (soil moisture), BH1750 (light intensity), and rain sensors, and connected to the Blynk IoT platform for real-time monitoring and remote control. Calibration results showed low measurement errors of 2.19%, 1.75%, and 5.09% for the temperature, soil moisture, and light intensity sensors, indicating reliable sensor performance. The test results showed that the system was able to automatically activate the water pump when soil moisture fell below the 50% threshold, thereby maintaining soil moisture within the optimal range under various environmental conditions. Overall, the proposed system enables continuous environmental monitoring and effective automatic irrigation control to support optimal porang growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Resky Harsuni, Ida Laila, Bualkar Abdullah, Arifin Arifin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Absorbance Characteristics of Chlorophyll Extracts of Spinach (Amaranthus Hybridus & Amaranthus tricolor) and Water spinach (Ipomea spp.) as Sensitizers
The development of dyes has moved from natural sources, such as minerals, plants, and animals, to synthetic substitutes since the discovery of mauveine in 1856. The industrial revolution has changed the way dyes are made and sparked environmental concerns, which has led to a renewed interest in natural colors for food, cosmetics, and textiles. In dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the potential of chlorophyll extracts from water spinach (Ipomoea spp.) and spinach (Amaranthus tricolor) as long-lasting photosensitizers is investigated in this work. Amaranthus tricolor has a high total chlorophyll content of 10.367 mg/g, which is made up of 9.551 mg/g of chlorophyll and 0.818 mg/g of chlorophyll b, according to a chlorophyll content analysis. Significant amounts of chlorophyll were also present in Amaranthus hybridus, which had 10.462 mg/g (9.181 mg/g of chlorophyll and 1.283 mg/g of chlorophyll b). Ipomoea species, on the other hand, had a lower chlorophyll concentration (5.380 mg/g). Significant absorption peaks were found in the 380–460 nm range by acetone extraction and UV–Vis spectrophotometry, highlighting the significance of efficient light absorption for photosynthesis. Amaranthus tricolor is a very ideal plant for distributed solar power system applications due to its exceptional light energy conversion performance. But during storage, environmental stressors including senescence and light intensity caused chlorophyll to degrade, which shifted the absorbance maxima to shorter wavelengths and decreased the efficiency of light absorption. Amaranthus tricolor, in spite of this, continues to be a viable option for environmentally benign natural chlorophyll alternatives for industrial and renewable energy applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iqbal Iqbal, Zainuddin Basri, Abyudan Adyatma, Rany Khaeroni, Darmawati Darwis (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Analytical Solution for Advection-Diffusion Equation with Advection–Dominated Term using Multiple-Scale Expansion Methods
In this study, we solved the advection-diffusion sediment transport equation by taking into account the settling velocity and employing a multiple-scale expansion to approximate the dominant advection. We obtained an analytical solution in terms of the Green’s function. The model results showed that, during one tidal cycle, TSS was concentrated at the surface and eventually transported to the sea. The pattern of TSS distribution was consistent with both constant and linear time-dependent river discharge. The simulation revealed that the concentration of TSS offshore was higher than near the estuaries, in agreement with our observations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Albert Sulaiman, Mubarak Mubarak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Synthesis of rGO-TiO2 Composite for Al-ion Battery with Enhanced Electrical Conductivity
Alternative batteries to lithium-ion are attracting growing attention due to the urgent demand for high energy density and limited lithium resources. Aluminum-ion (Al-ion) batteries are promising since aluminum is abundant, recyclable, and inexpensive. They also provide theoretically high specific energy and power through a three-electron redox reaction. However, challenges remain because no positive electrode material has yet shown efficient and reversible aluminum-ion storage. This study reports the synthesis of a reduced graphene oxide–titanium dioxide (rGO–TiO₂) composite and its evaluation as an electrode for Al-ion batteries. The rGO–TiO₂ composites were prepared by hydrothermal reaction with TiO₂ contents of 2, 5, and 10 wt.%. Characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that graphite oxide (GO) was successfully reduced to rGO, as indicated by a peak at 2θ = 24.30°. Electrochemical testing of rGO–TiO₂ based Al-ion batteries showed improved ion diffusivity of 1.39 × 10⁻⁶ – 3.83 × 10⁻⁶ cm/s and charge–discharge capacities of 6.9–7.2 mAh/g at 1C (0.1–0.3 mA·g⁻¹). These results demonstrate the key role of enhanced ion diffusivity in advancing high-performance Al-ion batteries.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruli Afian, Ferry Faizal, Camellia Panatarani, I Made Joni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of Health Kiosk Prototype for Blood Pressure and Fat Mass Measurement
Health development in Indonesia faces a double burden of disease, namely infectious and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) accounting for nearly half of NCD-related deaths. Major CVD risk factors are hypertension and obesity, which can be controlled through routine monitoring of blood pressure and body mass index (BMI). This study aims to develop a health kiosk prototype integrating a sphygmomanometer and BMI–fat analyzer. The research consists of three stages: characterization of sensors for blood pressure and body fat measurement, comparison of proximity sensors, and prototype testing. The MPX5050GP pressure sensor achieved an R² of 1 with a sensitivity of 0.012 volts. Proximity sensor characterization showed R² values of 0.9996 (HC-SR04) and 0.9997 (JSN-SR04T), with sensitivities of 0.9943 cm and 0.9831 cm, respectively. The load cell reached an R² of 1 with a sensitivity of 1.0056 kg, while the AD5933 impedance showed R² = 1 and a sensitivity of 0.9999 Ω. Prototype trials with ten samples indicated that blood pressure, BMI, and fat mass measurements were feasible but not yet optimal, with errors in height measurement and limitations in the blood pressure algorithm. Despite these challenges, the successful integration of the sphygmomanometer and BMI–fat analyzer was achieved.
Blood pressure; fat mass; pressure sensor; bioimpedance; Arduino
Copyright (c) 2025 Umiatin Umiatin, Pinkan Amanda Putri, Ahmad Zatnika Purwalaksana, Firnas Al Farizy, Muhammad Nurdin, Bedy Purnama, Rista Putri Nur Ifa, Muhammad Abidin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO@SiO₂ Composite for Microwave Absorber Applications
This study aims to synthesize ZnO@SiO₂ composites via biosynthesis using Moringa oleifera leaf extract and to investigate the effect of different SiO₂ contents (pure ZnO, 1%, 3%, and 5% by weight) on their structural and microwave absorption properties, with ZnO prepared from a Zn(NO₃)₂·4H₂O precursor and calcined at 450 °C for 2 hours. The synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). XRD results confirmed that all samples exhibited a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure with space group P6₃mc and showed no secondary phases. The crystallite size decreased with increasing SiO₂ content, indicating nanoparticle formation and reduced crystallinity. VNA measurements showed that the ZnO@SiO₂ sample with 3% SiO₂ exhibited the best microwave absorption performance, with a minimum reflection loss (RL) value of –2.0251 dB at a frequency of 6.125 GHz. These results suggest that the 3% composition achieved better impedance matching and enhanced absorption efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Fauzan, Aditia Nur Bakti, Elvina Trivida, Nova Nur Elisa Dewi, Djoko Triyono, Iwan Sugihartono (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Automation of Orchid Soil pH Using IoT-Based Soil pH Sensor (SKJ-001)
The growth and development process of cymbidium orchids requires a soil pH of around 5.5–6.5. Otherwise, it will cause low nutrient absorption, resulting in yellow leaves and slow growth, while too high a pH can cause the plant's roots to die. Therefore, this study developed an IoT-based ESP32 soil pH automation design to maintain soil pH stability and reduce orchid growth and development failures due to unstable soil pH. The IoT-based ESP32 soil pH automation design allows remote monitoring of soil pH conditions via a smartphone that has downloaded the Blynk application. The soil pH automation design consists of an SKJ-001 soil pH sensor to measure soil pH, an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor to measure solution height, and a 5 VDC pump to circulate NaOH and HCl solutions to stabilize pH. This soil pH automation system has been tested on ten soil samples with an average accuracy of 98.606%, an average precision of 99.192%, and an average error of 0.581%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the IoT-based ESP32 soil pH automation system is effective and reliable in maintaining soil pH stability, thereby supporting optimal growth and development of cymbidium orchids.
Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Nur Hidayah Komaria, Alya Putri Yoanda, Diana Mauli Rahma, Jutira Ayu, Regi Tia Margareta, Assa’idah Assa’idah, Fitri Suryani Arsyad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Automation of Air Humidity Monitoring and Control for Orchid Plants Using BME280 Sensor Based on IoT
Air humidity is one of the important indicators in supporting the growth and development of plants. Mismatched humidity levels with plant needs can hinder their growth and cause root and stem rot. One type of plant that requires a certain humidity level is the Cymbidium orchid, which ideally needs air humidity between 60% and 80%. However, the fulfillment of this humidity requirement is generally still done manually, requiring time and human labor. To address this issue, an air humidity automation system is needed that can be monitored remotely to ensure the needs of the plants are met optimally. This study aims to design an Internet of Things (IoT) based air humidity automation system using the NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller as the main control unit programmed through Arduino IDE software. This system has a BME280 sensor as a humidity detector and a mist maker as an actuator that produces cool mist to maintain humidity in the Cymbidium orchid planting space. The system monitoring is done remotely via the Blynk IoT application on smartphones. The research results show that this system successfully implemented the BME280 sensor in air humidity automation, with an average precision value of 98.91%, an accuracy of 98.98%, and an error rate of 0.076%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Regi Tia Margareta, Alya Putri Yoanda, Diana Mauli Rahma, Jutira Ayu, Fitri Arsyad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Existence of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors Based on Power Input and Transmission Distance
Optical fiber was chosen as a transmission medium because of its ability to transmit data with high power, high speed and low attenuation. Despite these advantages, optical fiber still faces challenges such as attenuation and dispersion which can reduce data transmission performance. This research examines the performance of fiber optic-based communication systems using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, especially in overcoming linear effects that affect transmission quality. In designing this system, researchers varied the transmission distance from 10 – 150 km, and adjusted the input power from 2 – 20 dBm. The research results show that uniform FBG is more effective in improving signal quality and reducing transmission errors compared to Gaussian FBG. The use of FBGs on coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) channels also improves system performance, with better quality factors and reduced bit error rates (BER). However, at a distance of more than 60 km, the signal quality decreases due to high noise, which also reduces the Q-factor value, the Q-factor value drops significantly from 61.7699 to 3.0866. Overall, uniform FBG provides more stable and robust data transmission, and increases transmission capacity compared to Gaussian FBG
Copyright (c) 2025 Saktioto Saktioto, Shantela Hanna Mastaria Bintang, Tengku Emrinaldi, Zamri Zamri, Mohd Rendy Samudra, Yan Soerbakti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Quantum Mechanical Aspect of Cold Fusion
The current study presents a quantum mechanical model for low-energy nuclear fusion in a deuterium-loaded palladium lattice, based on the modification of the Coulomb interaction between deuterons due to environmental screening effects. In this framework, deuterons are treated as charged bosons embedded in a conductive metallic lattice, where their mutual repulsion is significantly reduced by the surrounding conduction electron cloud and collective plasma behavior. The interaction is modeled using a screened Coulomb (Yukawa-type) potential, and the probability of nuclear fusion is evaluated through a semiclassical WKB approximation. Numerical estimates incorporating realistic deuteron densities and lattice parameters yield tunneling probabilities and fusion rates consistent with non-negligible low-temperature fusion activity. The results obtained indicate that under high deuterium loading conditions, the environment-induced screening of the Coulomb barrier can enhance tunneling sufficiently to allow measurable fusion rates, offering a plausible mechanism for solid-state fusion without the need for extreme thermal conditions as one of the aspects of cold fusion.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayan Kumar Makar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Vulnerability Analysis of Andalas University Library Building Using Microtremor HVSR Method
This research aims to analyze the vulnerability of the Andalas University Library UPT Building which is located in an earthquake-prone area using the microtremor HVSR method. Measurements were taken at 20 points on each floor of the building to determine the natural frequency value, amplification factor, and seismic vulnerability index. The results show that the natural frequency values have a stable distribution pattern on most floors, with small variations on certain floors due to mass distribution or structural stiffness. The highest amplification values were found on floors 2 and 3, indicating the potential for local resonance. The highest seismic vulnerability index is on floor 2 with values up to 750, indicating the need for more attention to the design and structural strength of that floor. The HVSR method proved effective in analyzing the dynamic characteristics and potential vulnerability of buildings to earthquakes, providing important information for risk mitigation in disaster-prone areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Fauzi Pohan, Yunita Putri, Nopra Algusduri, Keisyah Putri Islami, Intan Fitri, Gusti Fiona, Abdul Fadhila Deshafa, Rahmad Fajri, Yuni Erawati, Rika Amalya Rahmah, Azani Jannah, Fauzan Surya Nanda, Febriwati Zai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Initial Design of Earthquake Early Warning System With Smartphone Display
This research presents the preliminary design of an automatic vibration detection system that can be used as an earthquake early warning system using the Internet of Things and a smartphone display, and to investigate the relationship between vibration acceleration and vibration intensity and magnitude. Earthquake early warning is an important tool to reduce the danger of earthquakes and is a form of earthquake mitigation. This system is designed using MPU6050, ESP8266, Arduino IDE, Buzzer, LCD, and Smartphone sensors. The relationship between variations in vibration intensity and magnitude with vibration acceleration is directly proportional. This system has 96% accuracy and the accuracy of vibration acceleration read on the system is 92%. This system can be a simple earthquake early warning solution in earthquake-prone areas to minimize the risk of earthquake natural disasters and can be used as a basis for developing earthquake disaster mitigation systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Washilla Audia, Yulkifli Yulkifli, Yohandri Yohandri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Air Quality Dynamics in the Vicinity of PT. Semen Padang, Padang City, Indonesia: Insights from Sentinel-5P Data During 2023
This study aims to evaluate air quality in the vicinity of PT. Semen Padang, Padang City, West Sumatra, Indonesia, throughout 2023, utilizing data from the Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite. The analysis reveals significant variations in the concentrations of pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and ozone (O₃). Higher pollutant concentrations were observed in urban areas, influenced by industrial activities and vehicular emissions. Levels of CO and O₃ frequently exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, posing potential health risks. Although most pollutant concentrations remained within safe limits, the findings underscore the importance of continuous air quality monitoring and the implementation of targeted mitigation measures to preserve environmental quality and safeguard public health, particularly in densely populated areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fauzan Surya Nanda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ENSO and IOD Variability: Impacts on Precipitation and Sea Surface Temperature in Bali and NTB
This study investigated how interactions between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Indian Ocean Dipole influenced sea surface temperature and rainfall variability in Bali and West Nusa Tenggara. Monthly sea surface temperature, precipitation, and wind data from January 2004 to August 2022 were analyzed using reanalysis and satellite-derived datasets alongside indices of oceanic and dipole variability. Five representative climate phase combinations were identified to capture neutral, wet, and dry conditions. Statistical and spatial analyses demonstrated that coupled El Niño and positive dipole phases produced the strongest cooling of sea surface temperatures (up to 1.2 °C below average) and the most severe rainfall deficits (exceeding 10 mm per day). Conversely, La Niña with positive dipole phases yielded enhanced wet-season rainfall (up to 13 mm per day). These findings showed that phase interactions modulated monsoonal moisture supply, informing water resource management and climate adaptation in coastal Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Fadhilla Deshafa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0